updated 7/12/10

Icing for Injuries, Tendinitis and Inflammation

Become a cryotherapy master

by Paul Ingraham, Vancouver, Canada MORE
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Credentials and qualifications

I am a writer and retired Registered Massage Therapist (unusually well-trained for a massage therapist, a 3000-hour program). I’m almost done with a Bachelor of Health Sciences degree. I am a peer reviewer for The Natural Standard, and a copyeditor for Science-Based Medicine. My most important qualification is more than a decade of workaholic post-graduate study, clinical experience, and constant conversations with readers from around the world, including many experts who have provided countless suggestions and criticisms.

For more information, see: Who Am I to Say? More information about my qualifications, credentials and professional experiences for my readers and customers.

Not sure when to use ice or heat? Get a quick overview in The Great Ice vs. Heat Confusion Debacle, or a detailed look at why you should (almost) never ice low back pain. And here’s an intriguing update: Voltaren® Gel, an anti-inflammatory medication that you rub on, was FDA-approved in the US in 2007, and is the only other way to do what icing does. Learn more about Voltaren® Gel.

Icing — “cryotherapy” for therapy geeks — is an essential injury management skill. Everyone should understand icing the same way everyone knows how to put on a Band-Aid. It is a cheap, effective, drugless method for relieving the pain of injuries. Safe application of ice to your skin can significantly relieve symptoms from sprains, strains, bruises, and tendinitis — virtually any situation in which superficial tissues are inflamed from trauma or overuse — and may also accelerate overall recovery time.

But there also hazards and complications that anyone with chronic pain absolutely needs to know. This article is full of tips and insights about icing that will take you way beyond the basics!

My strained thigh muscle felt like a broken bone at first, but I'm using your icing method and it’s responding brilliantly.
Paul Farley, West Sussex, England

What ice is for

Ice is for injuries. It is only useful where tissue is damaged and/or inflamed.

Icing is primarily an analgesic — a pain-reliever — and not an actual treatment. Use it like you use ibuprofen. It may help to resolve chronic problems (much more about this below), but it’s mostly intended to numb painfully inflamed tissues.

The most commonly iced acute injuries are fresh injuries — ligament sprains, muscle strains, and severe bruises. (When the skin is broken, things get little trickier.) And what’s a “fresh” injury? Any time tissue has been physically damaged, it will be inflamed for a few days, give or take, depending on the seriousness of the injury. If superficial tissue is sensitive to touch, if the skin is hot and red, if there is swelling, these are all signs that your injury is still fresh, and should not be heated.

Ice is also often helpful with chronic overuse or tissue fatigue injuries like carpal tunnel syndrome, tennis elbow, supraspinatus tendinitis, iliotibial band syndrome, patellofemoral pain syndrome, shin splints, and plantar fasciitis. There are others, of course, but these are the most common.

Ice may also be useful for garden-variety “wear and tear” arthritis, and sometimes the nasty inflammatory arthritides (rheumatoid, ankylosing spondylitis).

What ice is not for

Ice can mildly aggravate the pain of muscle spasm and trigger points (muscle knots). Trigger point pain is extremely common, and is routinely mistaken for an “iceable” injury, especially in the low back. Here’s the short explanation:

Back pain is rarely an injury — that is, the pain is rarely caused by inflammation which might be helped by ice. Even in cases where inflammation is present, it is usually deep in the back under a thick layer of insulating muscle and the ice cannot “reach” it. However, back pain almost always involves muscular trigger points (muscle knots), which are more likely to be aggravated by ice and helped by heat! For this reason, the majority of people with back pain prefer heat, and a few have negative reactions to ice. For similar reasons, neck pain usually should also not be iced. Although experiments have shown that both ice and heat are modestly helpful for low back and neck pain, there are good reasons to err on the side of heat. Ice should only be used on the back by patients who clearly prefer it (for whatever reason), or when there is definitely a fresh injury.

Most back pain is caused by muscular trigger points (knots) that are aggravated by ice and helped by heat.

The stakes are not high. Studies have shown that people usually get mild benefit from ice — about the same as heat in fact.1 But there are good reasons to err on the side of heat nevertheless. If you have low back or neck pain, this topic is covered in much more detail in (Almost) Never Use Ice on Low Back Pain!.

But the low back is only the most obvious example, because it is both much tougher and immune to injury than people think, and also much more prone to painful trigger point activity than most people realize. In fact, the vast majority of garden variety aches and pains are dominated not by arthritis and injury as people tend to assume, but “just” by muscle pain — which tends to be irritated by ice, and generally would rather have a hot pack and a massage.

How ice works

When tissue is damaged, the body responds with a complex array of chemical and neurological changes collectively known as “inflammation.” For instance, the capillaries expand dramatically to bring extra oxygen and nutrients to the area. They also become more permeable, to allow the easy passage of immune system cells.

Inflammation is essential to healing. It is pure physiological goodness — a machine finely-tuned by evolution to optimize recovery, just as a fever is an effective physiological process for fighting infection (indeed, they are closely related processes). Strictly speaking, if you to want to heal as fast as possible, then don’t interfere with inflammation!

Inflammation is pure physiological goodness, finely-tuned by evolution to optimize recovery.

Unfortunately, like most biological processes, our comfort is not really a priority. In fact, quite the opposite — inflammation has partly evolved to be painful. Cavemen didn’t have ibuprofen and ice, nor did they have the benefit of understanding the inflammatory process. Generally speaking, it was all for the good of our species — indeed, for all animals — if inflammation was super painful: the victim was encouraged to stay relatively still while inflammation was left to run its course like a fever.

But for modern humans, inflammation is … well, it’s overkill. We can afford to “turn it down.” We can ignore the warning of the inflammation, to a point.

Cold slows metabolic activity, numbs nerve endings, constricts capillaries. It limits and controls inflammation. It makes it hurt less. It helps us get through the day.

Chronic inflammation?

Do you have chronic pain? Chronic inflammation? Shin splints for two years? Plantar fasciitis for five? Then you are probably thinking, “Inflammation is not @#!!$% essential to healing!”

Right you are. Sort of.

Sometimes inflammation becomes chronic. But inflammation itself is not really to blame. It’s just the messenger. Even after years, chronic inflammation is still just trying to do a job — it’s just failing, usually because the tissues just keep getting re-irritated.

Chronic inflammation is also quite different than acute inflammation. The chemistry is different. It’s not strictly the same beast. True inflammation may only be present in the earliest stages.2 For instance, most tendinitis is not really technically an “itis” after the first few days or weeks, but rather an “osis” — it is actually tendinosis, a “tendon condition” instead of a “tendon inflammation.”

The chemistry of chronic inflammation is quite different than that of acute inflammation.

Ice can also relieve the pain of chronic inflammation. It may also help to resolve chronic inflammation, and this is one of the best reasons to ice overuse injuries. Unfortunately, the science on this subject is rather sketchy. It’s really only been in recent years that we’ve even understood the itis/osis thing. Exactly what ice does and does not do for chronic inflammation is really not clear.

But read on.

Use raw ice

An excellent method of therapeutic icing is to use bare or “raw” ice — that is, ice applied directly to the skin, with no layer of plastic or fabric between you and your ice.

Raw ice delivers more of an icy punch! This is due to the spreading of melt water into every crevice, which conducts heat more efficiently away from the skin both directly into the ice, and via evaporation.

Gel packs and bean bags are wimpy cryotherapies compared to bare ice on the skin.

In comparison, gel packs and bean bags are comparitively wimpy cryotherapies (although they have their place, as you’ll see). They tend to warm up too quickly (especially where the skin is hottest and needs the most icing), and they sometimes cannot shape themselves well (or gently) to the contours of the injured body part. There are times when they are handy or easier when the stakes are low, but for serious icing of acute injuries or a stubborn tendinitis, you really need an ice cup.

A styrofoam cup is an elegant delivery system for raw ice …

How to make an ice cup

The humble styrofoam cup is the cheapest and most effective injury management tool in my office and in my own home. It’s not the cup itself that’s so useful, of course, but its contents — ice! Don’t wait until you’re hurt to do this — have them ready and waiting.

Get yourself some styrofoam cups.
Fill a few cups with water, and freeze them.
Cut off the top inch of the cup, exposing the ice but leaving the rest of the cup as an insulating “handle.”

Or just use an ice cube

In a pinch, with no cups around, just use an ice cube held in a dishtowel — less convenient, especially for larger areas, but nearly as effective. Over the years I’ve found that, despite the best intentions, 9 times out of 10 that I need an ice cup, I haven’t actually got one ready in the freezer, and I end up using ice cubes at first!

Commercial ice cups

One of the downsides of the styrofoam cup option is that it’s a bit wasteful. Wouldn’t it be better to have a re-usable plastic cup designed for the same purpose? There are several brands of ice cups, like the CRYOCUP™ and the Pro-Tec IceUp Portable Ice Massager. I’ve never used one personally, but they seem like a great idea, especially for anyone who lives on the edge and brings home new sports and adventure injuries on a regular basis.

In fact, there are even insulated icing tools designed to be taken to the field or the mountains or wherever you think you might need ice.

The art of icing: when you’re numb, you’re done

Slide the ice over the inflamed area in a slow but steady pattern. It’s important to keep moving, as long as you don’t try to ice such a large area that tissue gets a chance to warm up before you complete return to the starting point.

Continue ice massaging for 1–3 minutes, or until it is numb, whichever comes first. “When you’re numb, you’re done,” is the rule of thumb. Areas with thick tissue, like the top of the thigh, will take longer to get numb. Thin areas, like the side of the knee, will usually go numb quickly.

What does numb feel like? Just close your eyes and lightly touch the skin. If you can’t feel it at all, or if you can feel only pressure, that’s numb enough. Stop icing and let the tissue warm up.

Can raw ice “burn” you?

You may have heard that bare ice is too cold to use directly on the skin in this way. That’s untrue. Although a cold-sensitive person may find raw ice too uncomfortable, tissue damage can only occur after sustained icing — well after you have gone completely numb. Stopping roughly when you get numb pretty much guarantees that you won’t hurt yourself.

An ice treatment will feel like it is burning or stinging for a while, and that’s okay. Icing this way can feel a bit nasty, especially at first in certain locations, but stick with it: the powerful anti-inflammatory effect is worthwhile. In many situations, this is a much better solution than an anti-inflammatory medication.

When you’re numb, you’re done.

Ice repeatedly

Once your tissues warm up again, you can repeat the treatment. In fact, you can apply the ice as often as you like, as long as your tissues have a chance to mostly warm up between treatments. In the case of tenditis, you can continue doing a lot of icing — many applications per day — as long as you still have symptoms, and even when you are feeling better.

In the case of injuries, icing is mostly just useful while the injury is still hot, red, swollen or painful — this phase may last for a few hours or several days. When these signs begin to fade, you may be certain that you would have been stuck with them for a lot longer if you had not been icing.

Power icing

People often tell me that they have “tried icing” for an overuse injury like iliotibial band syndrome. A little quizzing usually reveals that this means that they have occasionally applied ice once or twice in a day, only when the need felt greatest. That is not really enough to know whether or not icing is going to help you.

Power icing is the name I’ve given to icing in megadoses — 20–50 applications of ice per day for 3–20 days at a time. As long as you allow sufficient opportunity for tissue to warm up between applications, this is not risky — the worst case scenario is that you’ll waste your time.

I prescribe power icing only for serious chronic overuse injuries, especially the common tenditises (mostly tennis elbow), plantar fasciitis, some cases of carpal tunnel syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome, patellofemoral pain syndrome, and some kinds of shin splints.

Unfortunately, I have no scientific evidence that this works! It seems to make a certain amount of sense — more of a good thing? — and I have had some success with it with my own clients, a few slightly amazing recoveries with just a few days of power icing. Generally speaking, there is no excuse for prescribing self-treatments that lack even a clear rationale, let alone research evidence that they work. However, this one can be justified simply because it is low cost and low risk — so it is worth a shot!

I also prescribe power icing simply to make sure that people giving “normal” (lower dosage) icing a fair shot. Sometimes I will sneakily prescribe 50 applications of ice per day, knowing full well that the “type A” client isn’t actually going to fit in more than about one third that much — and that’s actually good enough for me.

The inevitable question with power icing is “how much?,” a conversation I find myself having with clients even after the numbers have been laid out. One way of clarifying is simply to say that it should be so much icing that you start to get sick of it. If you’re not thinking, “Wow, geez, this is really a lot of icing!” then you should probably do more.

If it doesn’t seem to be working within 3-5 days, it’s probably not going to do the trick for you. But I strongly recommend that you give it at least three days, so that you can be certain that you really have “tried icing!”

Use an ice cup with an ice gel for stronger cooling

You can definitely enhance the effect of icing by using an ice gel afterwards. This is different than the gel-packs — it’s a goopy blue paste in a jar that feels very cold when you rub it into your skin. A variety of brands are available at any larger drugstore. There is one downside to this technique: if your goal is to do many sessions of icing, your skin tissue takes much longer to warm up between sessions when you’ve applied an ice gel.

When to use gel packs instead of raw ice (the tissue depth issue)

Gels packs and other non-raw icing are preferable when you are trying to “reach” deeper tissues.

Obviously, cryotherapy takes longer to effect deeper tissues than it does to effect shallow ones. Moments after you apply raw ice, your dermis and epidermis are definitely colder — but tissues under that may be unchanged. How deep can ice reach? How long does it take? Unfortunately, it’s just not clear. It may not reach very far, and it may not happen very quickly, and it undoubtedly depends on a number of different variables.

One thing is for sure, though: if you want to chill deeper, thicker tissues, you need gentler, slower cooling. Ice packs to the rescue! Raw ice is probably too cold to leave on for long enough to chill any tissue deeper than about a centimetre. Roughly. So you need to use a gel pack instead.

You can also use fabric or towels to further ease the intensity of a gel pack, so that it can be used safely for even longer periods.

You are now a cryotherapy master

If you’ve read this far, you now know much more about icing than most people, and indeed most health care professionals. Congratulations!

Notes

Garra et al. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2010. What’s better for neck and back pain — ice or heat? This experiment, conducted at a university-based emergency department, compared the effectiveness of these two common treatments. Everyone studied received 400mg of ibuprofen orally and then thirty patients were given a half hour of either a heating pad or a cold pack.

The researchers concluded that adding heat or cold to ibuprofen therapy did not change the result. Both heat and cold resulted in “mild yet similar improvement in the pain severity.” They recommend that the “choice of heat or cold therapy should be based on patient and practitioner preferences and availability.” Return to text.
Millar et al. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 2010. Return to text.